# 13. Verilog - Statements and Loops¶

Behavioral statements are declared inside an always or initial block. There are three possible statements, if-else case and loop.

## 13.1. If-else Statements¶

It has the same format as many programming languages. It tests a condition and executes the code inside the if block and if the condition isn’t met the code inside the else block is executed. Example of a multiplexer:

always@(a or b or sel) begin
if (sel)
out = a;
else
out = b;
end


## 13.2. Case Statements¶

Case the variable or expression is equal some value inside the case block the statement where it is true is executed.

reg a;
case (a)
1'b0 : statement1;
1'b1 : statement2;
1'bx : statement3;
1'bz : statement4;
endcase


There are also the forms of the case block that are casez and casex. The casez treats the values as don’t cares and all ‘z’ is represented by ‘?’ . The casex is the same but treats ‘x’ and ‘z’ as don’t cares. The default option is used when any other condition is met.

always @(irq) begin
{int2, int1, int0} = 3'b000;
casez (irq)
3'b1?? : int2 = 1'b1;
3'b?1? : int1 = 1'b1;
3'b??1 : int0 = 1'b1;
default: {int2, int1, int0} = 3'b000;
endcase
end


## 13.3. Forever and Repeat Loops¶

They are used for test and simulation and cannot be synthesized. The forever loop executes continuously and don’t stop. The loop repeat executes in a finite amount of time.

### 13.3.1. forever¶

initial
begin
forever
#25 clock = ~clock;  //executes forever and at 25 periods of time clock changes state
end


### 13.3.2. repeat¶

if(rotate == 1)
repeat(8)            // if rotates = 1 rotates data 8 times
begin
tmp = data[15];
data = data << 1 + tmp;
end


## 13.4. While Loop¶

Executes the block if the condition is true, repeats the test and executes again until the condition is not met.

always@(a or b) begin

while(count < 12) begin  // count 12 times and terminate
count = count + 1;
end

end


## 13.5. For Loop¶

Executes the code a finite amount of time. If the condition is true it enters the block, after the end it repeats the test and executes again until the condition is not met. In the example the condition is i < 16. In the beginning the i variable is declared as zero and it increases by one at the end of every loop.

always@(a or b) begin
for (i = 0; i < 16; i = i +1) begin
a <= a + 1; // executes this code 16 times
end
end


## 13.6. References¶

Verilog HDL Basics - Altera